Gusobanura birambuye uburyo bukoreshwa neza bwo gukoresha imashini zihagaritse》
I. Intangiriro
Nkibikoresho byo hejuru - byuzuye kandi bihanitse - ibikoresho byo gutunganya neza, ikigo cya vertical vertical center gifite uruhare runini mubikorwa bigezweho. Nyamara, kubera umuvuduko wacyo wihuta, gukora neza cyane kandi bikubiyemo sisitemu igoye ya mashini na mashanyarazi, hari ingaruka z'umutekano mugihe cyibikorwa. Kubwibyo, ni ngombwa cyane kubahiriza byimazeyo inzira zikorwa zizewe. Ibikurikira nubusobanuro burambuye kandi muri - isesengura ryimbitse rya buri nzira ikora neza.
II. Uburyo bwihariye bwo gukora neza
Kurikiza uburyo rusange bwo gukora neza bwo gusya no kurambirana abakozi. Wambare ingingo zo kurinda umurimo nkuko bisabwa.
Uburyo rusange bwo gukora neza bwo gusya no kurambirana abakozi nibyo bipimo byumutekano byibanze byavuzwe mubikorwa byigihe kirekire. Ibi birimo kwambara ingofero z'umutekano, ibirahuri byumutekano, gants zo gukingira, inkweto zirwanya ingaruka, nibindi. Ingofero yumutekano irashobora kubuza neza ko umutwe udakomereka bitewe nibintu byaguye hejuru; ibirahure byumutekano birashobora kubuza amaso gukomeretsa kumeneka nka chipi yicyuma na coolant byakozwe mugihe cyo gutunganya; uturindantoki turinda dushobora kurinda amaboko gutoborwa n'ibikoresho, impande z'akazi, n'ibindi mugihe cyo gukora; inkweto - ingaruka inkweto zirashobora kubuza ibirenge gukomereka nibintu biremereye. Izi ngingo zo kurengera umurimo nizo murongo wambere wo kwirwanaho kubakorera aho bakorera, kandi kwirengagiza kimwe murimwe bishobora gutera impanuka zikomeye zumuntu.
Reba niba guhuza imiyoboro ikora, guhinduranya, knob, uburyo bwimikorere hamwe na piston ya hydraulic biri mumwanya ukwiye, niba ibikorwa byoroshye, kandi niba ibikoresho byumutekano byuzuye kandi byizewe.
Imyanya iboneye yimikorere ikora, hindura na knob yemeza ko ibikoresho bishobora gukora ukurikije uburyo buteganijwe. Niba ibyo bice bitari muburyo bukwiye, birashobora gutera ibikoresho bidasanzwe ndetse bikanatera akaga. Kurugero, niba ikiganza gikora kiri mumwanya utari wo, birashobora gutuma igikoresho cyo kugaburira mugihe kitagomba, bikavamo gusiba akazi cyangwa no kwangiza igikoresho cyimashini. Ihuza ryimiterere yuburyo bwimikorere igira ingaruka itaziguye kumurimo wakazi. Niba igikoresho kidakabije, urupapuro rwakazi rushobora kwimurwa mugihe cyo gutunganya imashini, ibyo ntibizagira ingaruka gusa kubikorwa byogukora, ariko kandi bishobora no guteza ibibazo biteye akaga nko kwangiza ibikoresho ndetse nakazi kaguruka. Guhuza piston ya hydraulic nayo ni ngombwa kuko bifitanye isano no kumenya niba hydraulic sisitemu y'ibikoresho ishobora gukora bisanzwe. Kandi ibikoresho byumutekano, nka buto yo guhagarika byihutirwa hamwe nimiryango ikingira urugi, nibikoresho byingenzi kugirango umutekano wabakora ubungabunge. Ibikoresho byumutekano byuzuye kandi byizewe birashobora guhagarika byihuse ibikoresho mugihe cyihutirwa kugirango wirinde impanuka.
Reba niba hari inzitizi murwego rwo gukora neza rwa buri axe ya vertike yo gutunganya.
Mbere yo gutunganya imashini ikora, urwego rwiruka rwa buri murongo (nka X, Y, Z amashoka, nibindi) bigomba kugenzurwa neza. Kubaho kwinzitizi zose zishobora kubangamira urujya n'uruza rwimikorere ya cooride, bikavamo kurenza urugero no kwangirika kwa moteri ya axis, ndetse bigatera na axe ya cooride gutandukana kuva inzira yateganijwe no gukurura ibikoresho byimashini byananiranye. Kurugero, mugihe cyo kumanuka kwa Z - axis, niba hari ibikoresho bidahumanye cyangwa ibihangano byakazi hepfo, birashobora gutera ingaruka zikomeye nko kunama Z - axis yayobora no kwambara gari ya moshi. Ibi ntibizagira ingaruka gusa kubikorwa byo gutunganya ibikoresho byimashini, ahubwo bizongera igiciro cyo gufata neza ibikoresho kandi bibangamire umutekano wabakora.
Birabujijwe rwose gukoresha ibikoresho byimashini birenze imikorere yayo. Hitamo umuvuduko ukwiye wo kugabanya no kugaburira ukurikije ibikoresho byakazi.
Buri kigo cyimashini ihagaritse gifite ibipimo byerekana imikorere, harimo ingano yimashini nini, imbaraga ntarengwa, umuvuduko mwinshi wo kuzunguruka, igipimo ntarengwa cyo kugaburira, nibindi. Gukoresha igikoresho cyimashini kirenze imikorere yacyo bizatuma buri gice cyigikoresho cyimashini gitwara umutwaro urenze igipimo cyagenwe, bikavamo ibibazo nko gushyuha cyane kuri moteri, kongera kwambara kwiyobora, no guhindura imikorere ya gari ya moshi. Muri icyo gihe, guhitamo umuvuduko ukwiye wo kugabanya no kugaburira ibiryo ukurikije ibikoresho byakazi ni urufunguzo rwo kwemeza ubwiza bwimashini no kunoza imikorere yimashini. Ibikoresho bitandukanye bifite imiterere yubukanishi nko gukomera no gukomera. Kurugero, hari itandukaniro rinini mugukata umuvuduko nigipimo cyibiryo mugihe utunganya aluminiyumu hamwe nicyuma. Niba umuvuduko wo gukata wihuta cyane cyangwa igipimo cyo kugaburira ni kinini cyane, birashobora gutuma wambara ibikoresho byiyongera, igabanuka ryibikorwa byakazi, ndetse no kumena ibikoresho no gusiba.
Iyo gupakira no gupakurura ibihangano biremereye, ibikoresho byo guterura hamwe nuburyo bwo guterura bigomba gutoranywa ukurikije uburemere nuburyo imiterere yakazi.
Kubikorwa biremereye, niba ibikoresho bikwiye byo guterura hamwe nuburyo bwo guterura bidatoranijwe, hashobora kubaho akaga ko gukora kugwa mugihe cyo gupakira no gupakurura. Ukurikije uburemere bwibikorwa, hashobora gutoranywa ibintu bitandukanye bya crane, kuzamura amashanyarazi nibindi bikoresho byo guterura. Muri icyo gihe, imiterere yakazi izagira ingaruka no guhitamo ibikoresho byo guterura hamwe nuburyo bwo guterura. Kurugero, kubikorwa byakazi bifite imiterere idasanzwe, ibikoresho bidasanzwe cyangwa ibikoresho byo guterura hamwe nibintu byinshi byo guterura birashobora gusabwa kugirango habeho kuringaniza no gutuza kumurimo mugihe cyo guterura. Mugihe cyo guterura, uyikoresha agomba kandi kwitondera ibintu nkubushobozi bwo gutwara ibikoresho byo guterura hamwe nu mfuruka ya shitingi kugirango umutekano wibikorwa byo guterura.
Iyo umuzenguruko wikigo cyoguhindura imashini kizunguruka kandi kigenda, birabujijwe rwose gukora kuri spindle hamwe nibikoresho byashyizwe kumpera ya spindle n'amaboko.
Iyo spindle izunguruka kandi igenda, umuvuduko wayo urihuta cyane, kandi ibikoresho mubisanzwe birakaze cyane. Gukora kuri spindle cyangwa ibikoresho ukoresheje amaboko birashoboka cyane ko bitera intoki kuba 卷入 kuzunguruka cyangwa gukata nibikoresho. Ndetse mugihe cyihuta gisa nkicyoroshye, kuzunguruka kwa spindle nimbaraga zo gukata ibikoresho birashobora guteza ingaruka mbi kumubiri wumuntu. Ibi birasaba uyikoresha kugumana intera ihagije yumutekano mugihe cyo gukora ibikoresho kandi akubahiriza byimazeyo imikorere yimikorere, kandi ntuzigere uhura nogukora kuri spindle ikora nibikoresho ukoresheje amaboko kubera uburangare bwigihe gito.
Iyo gusimbuza ibikoresho, imashini igomba kubanza guhagarikwa, kandi kuyisimbuza birashobora gukorwa nyuma yo kwemezwa. Hagomba kwitonderwa ibyangiritse kuruhande mugihe cyo gusimburwa.
Gusimbuza ibikoresho nigikorwa gisanzwe mubikorwa byo gutunganya, ariko niba bidakozwe neza, bizazana umutekano. Gusimbuza ibikoresho muri leta byahagaritswe birashobora kurinda umutekano wumukoresha kandi ukirinda igikoresho kubabaza abantu kubera kuzunguruka gitunguranye. Nyuma yo kwemeza ko imashini yahagaze, uyikoresha agomba kandi kwitondera icyerekezo n'umwanya wo gukata mugihe asimbuye ibikoresho kugirango abuze gukata ukuboko. Byongeye kandi, nyuma yo gusimbuza ibikoresho, ibikoresho bigomba gushyirwaho neza kandi urwego rwa clamping rwibikoresho rugomba kugenzurwa kugirango harebwe niba ibikoresho bitazarekurwa mugihe cyo gutunganya.
Birabujijwe gukandagira hejuru ya gari ya moshi iyobora no gusiga irangi hejuru yibikoresho cyangwa kubishyiraho ibintu. Birabujijwe rwose gukomanga cyangwa kugorora ibihangano ku kazi.
Ubuyobozi bwa gari ya moshi hejuru yibikoresho nigice cyingenzi kugirango hamenyekane neza imigozi ya cooride, kandi ibisabwa byuzuye ni hejuru cyane. Gukandagira hejuru ya gari ya moshi cyangwa gushyira ibintu kuri yo bizasenya ukuri kwa gari ya moshi iyobora kandi bigira ingaruka kumikorere yibikoresho byimashini. Muri icyo gihe, ubuso bw'irangi ntibugira uruhare gusa mu bwiza, ahubwo bugira n'ingaruka zimwe zo kurinda ibikoresho. Kwangiza irangi rishobora gutera ibibazo nko kubora no kwangirika kwibikoresho. Gukomanga cyangwa kugorora ibihangano ku biro byakazi nabyo ntibyemewe, kuko bishobora kwangiza uburinganire bwumwanya wakazi kandi bikagira ingaruka kumikorere yibikorwa. Byongeye kandi, imbaraga zingaruka zakozwe mugihe cyo gukomanga zishobora no kwangiza ibindi bice byigikoresho cyimashini.
Nyuma yo kwinjiza porogaramu yo gutunganya igihangano gishya, hagomba kugenzurwa ukuri kwa porogaramu, kandi niba gahunda yo kwigana ikora ari yo. Igikorwa cyizunguruka cyikora nticyemewe utabanje kugerageza gukumira ibikoresho byimashini.
Porogaramu yo gutunganya igihangano gishya gishobora kuba gifite amakosa yo gutangiza gahunda, nkamakosa ya syntax, guhuza amakosa yagaciro, amakosa yinzira yibikoresho, nibindi. Niba porogaramu itagenzuwe kandi ikorwa ryikigereranyo ntigikorwa, kandi igikorwa cyikora cyikora cyikora, gishobora gukurura ibibazo nko kugongana hagati yigikoresho nigikorwa, hejuru - gutembera kumashoka ya coorite, hamwe no gupima nabi. Mugenzura niba gahunda ikwiye, ayo makosa arashobora kuboneka no gukosorwa mugihe. Kwigana porogaramu ikora ituma uyikoresha yitegereza urujya n'uruza rw'ibikoresho mbere yo gutunganya neza kugirango porogaramu yuzuze ibisabwa. Gusa nyuma yo kugenzura no kugerageza bihagije no kwemeza ko gahunda ikwiye hashobora gukorwa ibikorwa byizunguruka byikora kugirango umutekano ube mwiza kandi neza.
Mugihe ukoresheje ibikoresho bya radiyo bifata umutwe wumutwe kugirango ugabanye kugiti cyawe, umurongo urambiranye ugomba kubanza gusubizwa kumwanya wa zeru, hanyuma ugahinduka muburyo bwumutwe muburyo bwa MDA hamwe na M43. Niba U - axis igomba kwimurwa, igomba kwemezwa ko igikoresho cya U - axis gifata ibikoresho cyarekuwe.
Imikorere ya radial igikoresho gifata umutwe uhanganye igomba gukorwa cyane ukurikije intambwe zerekanwe. Gusubiza umurongo urambiranye kumwanya wa zeru ubanza birashobora kwirinda kwivanga mugihe uhinduye imitwe ireba. Uburyo bwa MDA (Intoki zinjiza) nuburyo bwimikorere nuburyo bwo gukora. Gukoresha amabwiriza ya M43 kugirango uhindukire kumutwe wumutwe ni inzira yimikorere yagenwe nibikoresho. Kugenda kwa U - axis, birakenewe kwemeza ko igikoresho cya U - axis gifata ibikoresho cyarekuwe, kubera ko niba igikoresho cyo gufunga kitarekuwe, birashobora gutera ingorane zo kwimura U - axis ndetse bikangiza uburyo bwo kohereza U - axis. Gushyira mu bikorwa byimazeyo izi ntambwe zikorwa birashobora gutuma imikorere isanzwe yumutwaro wa radiyo ufite umutwe uhanze amaso kandi bikagabanya ikibazo cyo kunanirwa ibikoresho nimpanuka zumutekano.
Mugihe bibaye ngombwa kuzenguruka intebe yakazi (B - axis) mugihe cyakazi, bigomba kwemezwa ko bitazagongana nibindi bice byigikoresho cyimashini cyangwa ibindi bintu bikikije igikoresho cyimashini mugihe cyo kuzunguruka.
Kuzenguruka k'umurimo (B - axis) birimo intera nini yo kugenda. Niba igonganye nibindi bice byigikoresho cyimashini cyangwa ibintu bikikije mugihe cyo kuzunguruka, birashobora guteza ibyangiritse kumurimo wakazi nibindi bice, ndetse bikagira ingaruka kumurongo rusange wigikoresho cyimashini. Mbere yo kuzengurutsa akazi, umuyobozi agomba kureba neza ibidukikije no kugenzura niba hari inzitizi. Kubintu bimwe bigoye byo gutunganya ibintu, birashobora kuba nkenerwa gukora ibigereranyo cyangwa ibipimo hakiri kare kugirango harebwe umwanya utekanye wo kuzunguruka kumurimo.
Mugihe cyimikorere yikigo gihagaze neza, birabujijwe gukora ku bice bikikije umugozi uzunguruka, inkoni yoroshye, kuzunguruka no kureba umutwe, kandi uyikoresha ntashobora kuguma ku bice byimuka byigikoresho cyimashini.
Uturere dukikije umugozi uzunguruka, inkoni yoroshye, kuzunguruka no kureba umutwe ni ahantu hateye akaga cyane. Ibi bice bifite umuvuduko mwinshi nimbaraga nini za kinetic mugihe cyibikorwa, kandi kubikoraho bishobora gukomeretsa bikomeye umuntu. Mugihe kimwe, hariho kandi akaga mubice byimuka byimashini mugihe cyimikorere. Niba umukoresha agumye kuri bo, arashobora gufatirwa ahantu hateje akaga hamwe no kugendana ibice cyangwa agakomereka nukunyunyuza hagati yimuka nibindi bice byagenwe. Kubwibyo, mugihe cyo gukora igikoresho cyimashini, uyikoresha agomba kurinda intera yumutekano kure yibi bice kugirango yizere umutekano we.
Mugihe cyimikorere yikigo gihagaritse imashini, uyikoresha ntabwo yemerewe kuva kumwanya wakazi atabiherewe uburenganzira cyangwa guha abandi kubyitaho.
Mugihe cyo gukora igikoresho cyimashini, ibintu bitandukanye bidasanzwe birashobora kubaho, nko kwambara ibikoresho, kurekura akazi, no kunanirwa ibikoresho. Niba umukoresha avuye kumwanya wakazi atabiherewe uburenganzira cyangwa ashinze abandi kubyitaho, birashobora gutuma udashobora gutahura no guhangana nibi bihe bidasanzwe mugihe, bityo bigatera impanuka zikomeye z'umutekano cyangwa ibikoresho byangiritse. Umukoresha agomba kwitondera imikorere yimashini ikora mugihe cyose kandi agafata ingamba mugihe cyibihe bidasanzwe kugirango umutekano n'umutekano bigende neza.
Iyo ibintu bidasanzwe hamwe n urusaku bibaye mugihe cyimikorere yikigo gikora imashini ihagaritse, imashini igomba guhita ihagarikwa, icyabimenye kigomba kumenyekana, kandi kigomba gukemurwa mugihe.
Ibintu bidasanzwe hamwe n urusaku akenshi bibanziriza kunanirwa ibikoresho. Kurugero, kunyeganyega bidasanzwe bishobora kuba ikimenyetso cyo kwambara ibikoresho, kutaringaniza cyangwa kurekura ibice byimashini; urusaku rukaze rushobora kuba ikigaragaza ibibazo nko kwangiza no gufata nabi ibikoresho. Guhagarika imashini ako kanya birashobora gukumira kunanirwa kurushaho kwaguka no kugabanya ibyago byo kwangiza ibikoresho nimpanuka zumutekano. Kumenya icyabiteye bisaba uwukoresha kugira umubare munini wibikoresho byo kubungabunga ibikoresho nuburambe, akanamenya intandaro yo kunanirwa binyuze mu kwitegereza, kugenzura nubundi buryo, no kubikemura mugihe gikwiye, nko gusimbuza ibikoresho bishaje, gukomera ibice bidakabije, no gusimbuza ibyuma byangiritse.
Iyo agasanduku ka spindle hamwe nakazi kerekana ibikoresho bya mashini biri cyangwa hafi yimyanya ntarengwa yimikorere, uyikoresha ntashobora kwinjira mubice bikurikira:
(1) Hagati yubuso bwo hasi bwisanduku ya spindle numubiri wimashini;
(2) Hagati yumuti urambiranye nakazi kakazi;
(3) Hagati yumuti urambiranye iyo waguwe numubiri wimashini cyangwa hejuru yakazi;
(4) Hagati yintebe yumurimo nagasanduku ka spindle mugihe cyo kugenda;
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(6) Hagati yumwanya wakazi ninkingi yimbere;
(7) Ibindi bice bishobora gutera kwikanyiza.
Mugihe ibi bice byibikoresho byimashini biri cyangwa hafi yimyanya yimipaka, uturere tuzahinduka akaga cyane. Kurugero, umwanya uri hagati yubuso bwuruzitiro rwa spindle numubiri wimashini urashobora kugabanuka byihuse mugihe cyo kugenda kwizunguruka, kandi kwinjira muri kariya gace bishobora gutuma uyikoresha akanda; hari akaga gasa nkaho kari hagati yumurambararo urambiranye nakazi kakazi, hagati yumutwe urambiranye iyo waguwe numubiri wimashini cyangwa hejuru yumurimo wakazi, nibindi. Ukoresha agomba guhora yitondera imyanya yibi bice, kandi akirinda kwinjira muri utwo turere tw’akaga igihe yegereye imyanya y’imipaka kugirango akumire impanuka z’umuntu ku giti cye.
Iyo uhagaritse ikigo cyimashini ihagaritse, intebe yakazi igomba gusubizwa mumwanya wo hagati, umurongo urambiranye ugomba gusubizwa, hanyuma sisitemu yimikorere igomba gusohoka, hanyuma amaherezo amashanyarazi agomba guhagarara.
Gusubiza intebe yakazi kumwanya wo hagati no gusubiza umurongo urambiranye birashobora kwemeza ko ibikoresho bimeze neza mugihe byatangiye ubutaha, ukirinda gutangira - hejuru ingorane cyangwa impanuka zo kugongana bitewe nintebe yakazi cyangwa akabari karambiranye kari kumwanya ntarengwa. Gusohoka muri sisitemu y'imikorere birashobora kwemeza ko amakuru ari muri sisitemu yabitswe neza kandi birinda gutakaza amakuru. Hanyuma, guhagarika amashanyarazi nintambwe yanyuma yo kuzimya kugirango ibikoresho bihagarike gukora burundu no gukuraho ingaruka z'umutekano w'amashanyarazi.
III. Incamake
Uburyo bukoreshwa neza bwikigo gikora imashini ihagaritse nurufunguzo rwo kwemeza imikorere yibikoresho neza, umutekano wabakora nubwiza bwimashini. Abakoresha bagomba gusobanukirwa byimazeyo kandi bakubahiriza byimazeyo buri gikorwa cyumutekano, kandi nta bisobanuro birambuye kuva kwambara ibikoresho birinda umurimo kugeza kubikorwa byibikoresho bishobora kwirengagizwa. Gusa muri ubu buryo hashobora gukoreshwa ibyiza byo gutunganya ikigo cyoguhingura imashini ihagaritse neza, umusaruro ukanozwa, kandi impanuka z'umutekano zikirindwa icyarimwe. Ibigo bigomba kandi gushimangira amahugurwa yumutekano kubakoresha, kunoza ubumenyi bwumutekano nubumenyi bwimikorere yabakora, kandi bigatanga umutekano wumusaruro ninyungu zubukungu bwibigo.